APA+Referencing

Reference List: Electronic Sources (web Publications)
(DF) - where is this sourced from, I use Masey OWLL site, really good, has interactive component too. I wonder if they are the same? We use APA 6th edition now don't we? In 2007, the APA released several additions/modifications for documentation of electronic sources in the APA Style Guide to Electronic References. These changes are reflected in the entries below. **Please note**: There are no spaces used with brackets in APA. When possible, include the year, month, and date in references. If the month and date are not available, use the year of publication.
 * Summary:** APA (American Psychological Association) is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. This resource, revised according to the 6th edition of the APA manual, offers examples for the general format of APA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the reference page. For more information, please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition, second printing. Please use the example at the bottom of this page to cite the Purdue OWL in APA.
 * Contributors:**Elizabeth Angeli, Jodi Wagner, Elena Lawrick, Kristen Moore, Michael Anderson, Lars Soderlund, Allen Brizee
 * Last Edited:** 2010-08-05 05:25:20

**Article From an Online Periodical**
Online articles follow the same guidelines for printed articles. Include all information the online host makes available, including an issue number in parentheses. Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. //Title of Online Periodical, volume number//(issue number if available). Retrieved from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/ Bernstein, M. (2002). 10 tips on writing the living Web. //A List Apart: For People Who Make Websites, 149//. Retrieved from http://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliving

**Online Scholarly Journal Article**
Since online materials can potentially change URL's, APA recommends providing a Digital Object Identifier (DOI), when it is available, as opposed to the URL. DOI's are an attempt to provide stable, long-lasting links for online articles. They are unique to their documents and consist of a long alphanumeric code. Many-but not all-publishers will provide an article's DOI on the first page of the document. Note that some online bibliographies provide an article's DOI but may "hide" the code under a button which may read "Article" or may be an abbreviation of a vendors name like "CrossRef" or "PubMed." This button will usually lead the user to the full article which will include the DOI. Find DOI's from print publications or ones that go to dead links with CrossRef.org's "DOI Resolver," which is displayed in a central location on their home page.

**//Article From an Online Periodical with DOI Assigned//**
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. //Title of Journal, volume number//. doi:0000000/000000000000 Brownlie, D. (2007). Toward effective poster presentations: An annotated bibliography. //European Journal of Marketing, 41//(11/12), 1245-1283. doi:10.1108/03090560710821161

**//Article From an Online Periodical with no DOI Assigned//**
Online scholarly journal articles without a DOI require a URL. Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. //Title of Journal, volume number//. Retrieved from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/ Kenneth, I. A. (2000). A Buddhist response to the nature of human rights. //Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 8//. Retrieved from http://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.html If the article appears as a printed version as well, the URL is not required. Use "Electronic version" in brackets after the article's title. Whitmeyer, J. M. (2000). Power through appointment [Electronic version]. //Social Science Research, 29//, 535-555.

**Article From a Database**
When referencing material obtained from an online database (such as a database in the library), provide appropriate print citation information (formatted just like a "normal" print citation would be for that type of work). This will allow people to retrieve the print version if they do not have access to the database from which you retrieved the article. You can also include the item number or accession number in parentheses at the end, but the APA manual says that this is not required. For articles that are easily located, do not provide database information. If the article is difficult to locate, then you can provide database information. Only use retrieval dates if the source could change, such as Wikis. For more about citing articles retrieved from electronic databases, see pages 187-192 of the Publication Manual. Smyth, A. M., Parker, A. L., & Pease, D. L. (2002). A study of enjoyment of peas. //Journal of Abnormal Eating, 8//(3), 120-125.

**Abstract**
If you only cite an abstract but the full text of the article is also available, cite the online abstract as other online citations, adding "[Abstract]" after the article or source name. Paterson, P. (2008). How well do young offenders with Asperger Syndrome cope in custody?: Two prison case studies [Abstract]. //British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 36//(1), 54-58. Bossong, G. Ergativity in Basque. //Linguistics, 22//(3), 341-392.

**Newspaper Article**
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. //Title of Newspaper//. Retrieved from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/ Parker-Pope, T. (2008, May 6). Psychiatry handbook linked to drug industry. //The New York Times//. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com

**Electronic Books**
Electronic books may include books found on personal websites, databases, or even in audio form. Use the following format if the book you are using is //only// provided in a digital format or is difficult to find in print. If the work is not directly available online or must be purchased, use "Available from," rather than "Retrieved from," and point readers to where they can find it. For books available in print form and electronic form, include the publish date in parentheses after the author's name. De Huff, E. W. (n.d.). //Taytay’s tales: Traditional Pueblo Indian tales//. Retrieved from http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/dehuff/taytay/ taytay.html Davis, J. (n.d.). //Familiar birdsongs of the Northwest//. Available from http://www.powells.com/cgi-bin/biblio?inkey=1- 9780931686108-0

**Chapter/Section of a Web document or Online Book Chapter**
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. In //Title of book or larger document// (chapter or section number). Retrieved from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/ Engelshcall, R. S. (1997). Module mod_rewrite: URL Rewriting Engine. In //Apache HTTP Server Version 1.3 Documentation// (Apache modules.) Retrieved from http://httpd.apache.org/docs/1.3/mod/mod_rewrite.html Peckinpaugh, J. (2003). Change in the Nineties. In J. S. Bough and G. B. DuBois (Eds.), //A century of growth in America//. Retrieved from GoldStar database.
 * NOTE**: Use a chapter or section identifier and provide a URL that links directly to the chapter section, not the home page of the Web site.

**Online Book Reviews**
Cite the information as you normally would for the work you are quoting. (The first example below is from a newspaper article; the second is from a scholarly journal.) In brackets, write "Review of the book" and give the title of the reviewed work. Provide the web address after the words "Retrieved from," if the review is freely available to anyone. If the review comes from a subscription service or database, write "Available from" and provide the information where the review can be purchased. Zacharek, S. (2008, April 27). Natural women [Review of the book //Girls like us//]. //The New York Times//. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/27/books/review/Zachareck -t.html?pagewanted=2 Castle, G. (2007). New millennial Joyce [Review of the books //Twenty-first Joyce, Joyce's critics: Transitions in reading and culture, and Joyce's messianism: Dante, negative existence, and the messianic self]//. //Modern Fiction Studies, 50//(1), 163-173. Available from Project MUSE Web site: http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/modern_fiction_studies/toc/ mfs52.1.html

**Dissertation/Thesis from a Database**
Biswas, S. (2008). //Dopamine D3 receptor: A neuroprotective treatment target in Parkinson's disease//. Retrieved from ProQuest Digital Dissertations. (AAT 3295214)

**Online Encyclopedias and Dictionaries**
Often encyclopedias and dictionaries do not provide bylines (authors' names). When no byline is present, move the entry name to the front of the citation. Provide publication dates if present or specify (n.d.) if no date is present in the entry. Feminism. (n.d.). In //Encyclopædia Britannica online//. Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/724633/feminism

**Online Bibliographies and Annotated Bibliographies**
Jürgens, R. (2005). //HIV/AIDS and HCV in Prisons: A Select Annotated Bibliography//. Retrieved from http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/alt_formats/hpb-dgps/ pdf/intactiv/hiv-vih-aids-sida-prison-carceral_e.pdf

**Data Sets**
Point readers to raw data by providing a Web address (use "Retrieved from") or a general place that houses data sets on the site (use "Available from"). United States Department of Housing and Urban Development. (2008). //Indiana income limits// [Data file]. Retrieved from http://www.huduser.org/Datasets/IL/IL08/in_fy2008.pdf

**Graphic Data (e.g. Interactive Maps and Other Graphic Representations of Data)**
Give the name of the researching organization followed by the date. In brackets, provide a brief explanation of what type of data is there and in what form it appears. Finally, provide the project name and retrieval information. Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment. (2007). [Graph illustration the SORCE Spectral Plot May 8, 2008]. //Solar Spectral Data Access from the SIM, SOLSTICE, and XPS Instruments//. Retrieved from http://lasp.colorado.edu/cgi-bin/ion-p?page=input_data_for_ spectra.ion

**Qualitative Data and Online Interviews**
If an interview is not retrievable in audio or print form, cite the interview only in the text (not in the reference list) and provide the month, day, and year in the text. If an audio file or transcript is available online, use the following model, specifying the medium in brackets (e.g. [Interview transcript, Interview audio file]): Butler, C. (Interviewer) & Stevenson, R. (Interviewee). (1999). //Oral History 2// [Interview transcript]. Retrieved from Johnson Space Center Oral Histories Project Web site: http: //www11.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/oral_// //histories.htm//

**Online Lecture Notes and Presentation Slides**
When citing online lecture notes, be sure to provide the file format in brackets after the lecture title (e.g. PowerPoint slides, Word document).

//Hallam, A.// Duality in consumer theory //[PDF document]. Retrieved from Lecture Notes Online Web site: http://www.econ.iastate.edu/classes/econ501/Hallam/// //index.html// //Roberts, K. F. (1998).// Federal regulations of chemicals in the environment //[PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from http://siri.uvm.edu/ppt/40hrenv/index.html//

**Nonperiodical Web Document, Web Page, or Report**
List as much of the following information as possible (you sometimes have to hunt around to find the information; don't be lazy. If there is a page like http://www.somesite.com/somepage.htm, and somepage.htm doesn't have the information you're looking for, move up the URL to http://www.somesite.com/):

//Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication).// Title of document//. Retrieved from http://Web address// //**NOTE**: When an Internet document is more than one Web page, provide a URL that links to the home page or entry page for the document. Also, if there isn't a date available for the document use (n.d.) for no date.//

**Computer Software/Downloaded Software**
Do not cite standard office software (e.g. Word, Excel) or programming languages. Provide references only for specialized software.

//Ludwig, T. (2002). PsychInquiry [computer software]. New York: Worth.// //Software that is downloaded from a Web site should provide the software’s version and year when available.// //Hayes, B., Tesar, B., & Zuraw, K. (2003). OTSoft: Optimality Theory Software (Version 2.1) [Software]. Available from http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people/hayes/otsoft///

E-mail
E-mails are not included in the list of references, though you parenthetically cite them in your main text: (E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001).

**Online Forum or Discussion Board Posting**
Include the title of the message, and the URL of the newsgroup or discussion board. Please note that titles for items in online communities (e.g. blogs, newsgroups, forums) are not italicized. If the author's name is not available, provide the screen name. Place identifiers like post or message numbers, if available, in brackets. If available, provide the URL where the message is archived (e.g. "Message posted to..., archived at...").

//Frook, B. D. (1999, July 23). New inventions in the cyberworld of toylandia [Msg 25]. Message posted to http://groups.earthlink.com/forum/messages/00025.html//

**Blog (Weblog) and Video Blog Post**
Include the title of the message and the URL. Please note that titles for items in online communities (e.g. blogs, newsgroups, forums) are not italicized. If the author’s name is not available, provide the screen name.

//Dean, J. (2008, May 7). When the self emerges: Is that me in the mirror? [Web log comment]. Retrieved from http://www.spring.org.uk/the1sttransport. (2004, September 26). Psychology Video Blog #3 [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqM90eQi5-M//

**Wikis**
Please note that the APA Style Guide to Electronic References //warns writers that wikis (like Wikipedia, for example) are collaborative projects which cannot guarantee the verifiability or expertise of their entries.//

//OLPC Peru/Arahuay. (n.d.). Retrieved from the OLPC Wiki: http://wiki.laptop. org/go/OLPC_Peru/Arahuay//

**Audio Podcast**
For all podcasts, provide as much information as possible; not all of the following information will be available. Possible addition identifiers may include Producer, Director, etc.

//Bell, T. & Phillips, T. (2008, May 6). A solar flare.// Science @ NASA Podcast//. Podcast retrieved from http://science.nasa.gov/podcast.htm//

**Video Podcasts**
For all podcasts, provide as much information as possible; not all of the following information will be available. Possible addition identifiers may include Producer, Director, etc.

//Scott, D. (Producer). (2007, January 5). The community college classroom [Episode 7].// Adventures in Education//. Podcast retrieved from http://www.adveeducation.com